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1 PCT
1) Общая лексика: Primary Care Trust2) Компьютерная техника: Private Communication Technology, Program Control Table3) Медицина: Tct, platelet crit, plateletcrit, thrombocrit, volume % of platelets, доля объёма цельной крови, занимаемая тромбоцитами, процентный объём тромбоцитов в крови, тромбокрит, доля плазмы в общем объёме крови4) Американизм: Pretty Complicated Treaty5) Спорт: Paddle Cycle Train, Pro Cycling Tour6) Военный термин: Pocket Combat Twin, Training Patrol Craft, performance correlation techniques, periodic confidence test, planning and control techniques, postcommissioning training, precommissioning training, prime contract termination, project control tool7) Техника: peak centerline temperature, peak clad temperature, pellet/cladding temperature, perfect crystal technology, power current transformer, precision color table8) Химия: полихлорированный терфенил (polychlorinated terphenyl)9) Юридический термин: Paranoid Conspiracy Theory, Patent Cooperation Treaty10) Ветеринария: Pet Care Trust11) Оптика: photon-coupled transistor12) Телекоммуникации: Personal Communication Telephone, Private Communication Technology (Network Security)13) Сокращение: Percent (MODS report abbreviation), Power Control Test, percent, Private Communications Technology14) Университет: Pennsylvania College of Technology15) Физиология: Patent Cooperation Training, Post Cycle Therapy16) Электроника: Process Change Team17) Вычислительная техника: расширение файлов в формате Macintosh PICT, Probe Control Table (FFST/2), Private Communication Technology (Internet, MS, Visa)18) Нефрология: proximal convoluted tubule, проксимальный извитой каналец19) Транспорт: Placer County Transit, Production Car Trial, Production Car Trials20) Фирменный знак: Pest Control Technology21) Экология: physical-and-chemical treatment, polychlorinated terphenyl, ПХТ, полихлортерфенил22) СМИ: Pest Control Technology Magazine23) Деловая лексика: Personal Camaraderie And Teamwork, Process Control Technology24) Бурение: опробование, управляемое давлением (pressure controlled test)25) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Pressure Compensated Temperature, pressure controlled test valve, pressure-controlled tester [valve]26) Нефтегазовая техника инструмент для определения коррозии трубопровода, Pipeline Corrosion Tool27) Образование: Personalized Computer Tutoring28) Сетевые технологии: Private Communication Technology Protocol, технология частных коммуникаций29) Океанография: Peru Chile Trench30) Химическое оружие: preconcentrator tube31) Расширение файла: Macintosh black & white PICT1 or color PICT2 graphics file, Graphic format (Mac PICT)32) Нефть и газ: Pressure Control Tester, pressure-controlled tester, пластоиспытатель, управляемый давлением, управляемый давлением пластоиспытатель, Pressure Controlled Tester, pressure controlled formation tester, прибор для замера давления33) Электротехника: paper crepe tape, potential-current transformer34) Майкрософт: протокол PCT35) ООН: Participating Countries Treaty36) Правительство: Pacific Crest Trail37) NYSE. Provident Capital Trust II -
2 Pct
1) Общая лексика: Primary Care Trust2) Компьютерная техника: Private Communication Technology, Program Control Table3) Медицина: Tct, platelet crit, plateletcrit, thrombocrit, volume % of platelets, доля объёма цельной крови, занимаемая тромбоцитами, процентный объём тромбоцитов в крови, тромбокрит, доля плазмы в общем объёме крови4) Американизм: Pretty Complicated Treaty5) Спорт: Paddle Cycle Train, Pro Cycling Tour6) Военный термин: Pocket Combat Twin, Training Patrol Craft, performance correlation techniques, periodic confidence test, planning and control techniques, postcommissioning training, precommissioning training, prime contract termination, project control tool7) Техника: peak centerline temperature, peak clad temperature, pellet/cladding temperature, perfect crystal technology, power current transformer, precision color table8) Химия: полихлорированный терфенил (polychlorinated terphenyl)9) Юридический термин: Paranoid Conspiracy Theory, Patent Cooperation Treaty10) Ветеринария: Pet Care Trust11) Оптика: photon-coupled transistor12) Телекоммуникации: Personal Communication Telephone, Private Communication Technology (Network Security)13) Сокращение: Percent (MODS report abbreviation), Power Control Test, percent, Private Communications Technology14) Университет: Pennsylvania College of Technology15) Физиология: Patent Cooperation Training, Post Cycle Therapy16) Электроника: Process Change Team17) Вычислительная техника: расширение файлов в формате Macintosh PICT, Probe Control Table (FFST/2), Private Communication Technology (Internet, MS, Visa)18) Нефрология: proximal convoluted tubule, проксимальный извитой каналец19) Транспорт: Placer County Transit, Production Car Trial, Production Car Trials20) Фирменный знак: Pest Control Technology21) Экология: physical-and-chemical treatment, polychlorinated terphenyl, ПХТ, полихлортерфенил22) СМИ: Pest Control Technology Magazine23) Деловая лексика: Personal Camaraderie And Teamwork, Process Control Technology24) Бурение: опробование, управляемое давлением (pressure controlled test)25) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Pressure Compensated Temperature, pressure controlled test valve, pressure-controlled tester [valve]26) Нефтегазовая техника инструмент для определения коррозии трубопровода, Pipeline Corrosion Tool27) Образование: Personalized Computer Tutoring28) Сетевые технологии: Private Communication Technology Protocol, технология частных коммуникаций29) Океанография: Peru Chile Trench30) Химическое оружие: preconcentrator tube31) Расширение файла: Macintosh black & white PICT1 or color PICT2 graphics file, Graphic format (Mac PICT)32) Нефть и газ: Pressure Control Tester, pressure-controlled tester, пластоиспытатель, управляемый давлением, управляемый давлением пластоиспытатель, Pressure Controlled Tester, pressure controlled formation tester, прибор для замера давления33) Электротехника: paper crepe tape, potential-current transformer34) Майкрософт: протокол PCT35) ООН: Participating Countries Treaty36) Правительство: Pacific Crest Trail37) NYSE. Provident Capital Trust II -
3 pct
1) Общая лексика: Primary Care Trust2) Компьютерная техника: Private Communication Technology, Program Control Table3) Медицина: Tct, platelet crit, plateletcrit, thrombocrit, volume % of platelets, доля объёма цельной крови, занимаемая тромбоцитами, процентный объём тромбоцитов в крови, тромбокрит, доля плазмы в общем объёме крови4) Американизм: Pretty Complicated Treaty5) Спорт: Paddle Cycle Train, Pro Cycling Tour6) Военный термин: Pocket Combat Twin, Training Patrol Craft, performance correlation techniques, periodic confidence test, planning and control techniques, postcommissioning training, precommissioning training, prime contract termination, project control tool7) Техника: peak centerline temperature, peak clad temperature, pellet/cladding temperature, perfect crystal technology, power current transformer, precision color table8) Химия: полихлорированный терфенил (polychlorinated terphenyl)9) Юридический термин: Paranoid Conspiracy Theory, Patent Cooperation Treaty10) Ветеринария: Pet Care Trust11) Оптика: photon-coupled transistor12) Телекоммуникации: Personal Communication Telephone, Private Communication Technology (Network Security)13) Сокращение: Percent (MODS report abbreviation), Power Control Test, percent, Private Communications Technology14) Университет: Pennsylvania College of Technology15) Физиология: Patent Cooperation Training, Post Cycle Therapy16) Электроника: Process Change Team17) Вычислительная техника: расширение файлов в формате Macintosh PICT, Probe Control Table (FFST/2), Private Communication Technology (Internet, MS, Visa)18) Нефрология: proximal convoluted tubule, проксимальный извитой каналец19) Транспорт: Placer County Transit, Production Car Trial, Production Car Trials20) Фирменный знак: Pest Control Technology21) Экология: physical-and-chemical treatment, polychlorinated terphenyl, ПХТ, полихлортерфенил22) СМИ: Pest Control Technology Magazine23) Деловая лексика: Personal Camaraderie And Teamwork, Process Control Technology24) Бурение: опробование, управляемое давлением (pressure controlled test)25) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Pressure Compensated Temperature, pressure controlled test valve, pressure-controlled tester [valve]26) Нефтегазовая техника инструмент для определения коррозии трубопровода, Pipeline Corrosion Tool27) Образование: Personalized Computer Tutoring28) Сетевые технологии: Private Communication Technology Protocol, технология частных коммуникаций29) Океанография: Peru Chile Trench30) Химическое оружие: preconcentrator tube31) Расширение файла: Macintosh black & white PICT1 or color PICT2 graphics file, Graphic format (Mac PICT)32) Нефть и газ: Pressure Control Tester, pressure-controlled tester, пластоиспытатель, управляемый давлением, управляемый давлением пластоиспытатель, Pressure Controlled Tester, pressure controlled formation tester, прибор для замера давления33) Электротехника: paper crepe tape, potential-current transformer34) Майкрософт: протокол PCT35) ООН: Participating Countries Treaty36) Правительство: Pacific Crest Trail37) NYSE. Provident Capital Trust II -
4 Gibbon, John Heysham
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 29 September 1903 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USAd. 5 February 1973 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA[br]American cardiothoracic surgeon, pioneer of the heart-lung apparatus and artificial ventilation in thoracic surgery.[br]Gibbon studied medicine at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and qualified MD in 1929. He held research fellowships at Harvard from 1930 to 1936 and then moved to similar posts and an assistant professorship at the University of Pennsylvania. After a period involving service with the Army, he was appointed Professor of Surgery and Director of Surgical Research at Jefferson in 1946. His research, assisted by his wife, was particularly directed towards the construction of an artificial mechanical heart and lung apparatus which would maintain circulation and respiration during the course of chest surgery involving heart and lungs. The resulting developments have been fundamental to the expansion of cardiac and coronary surgery.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCity of Philadelphia John Scott Medal 1953. American Heart Association 1965.Bibliography1939, "An oxygenator with a large surface volume ratio", J. Lab. Clin. Med.1954, "Application of a mechanical heart and lung apparatus to cardiac surgery", Minn. Med.1962 (ed.), Surgery of the Chest.1970, "The development of the heart-lung apparatus", Rev. Surg.MG -
5 Taylor, Frederick Winslow
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 20 March 1856 Germantown, Pennsylvania, USAd. 21 March 1915 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and pioneer of scientific management.[br]Frederick W.Taylor received his early education from his mother, followed by some years of schooling in France and Germany. Then in 1872 he entered Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, to prepare for Harvard Law School, as it was intended that he should follow his father's profession. However, in 1874 he had to abandon his studies because of poor eyesight, and he began an apprenticeship at a pump-manufacturing works in Philadelphia learning the trades of pattern-maker and machinist. On its completion in 1878 he joined the Midvale Steel Company, at first as a labourer but then as Shop Clerk and Foreman, finally becoming Chief Engineer in 1884. At the same time he was able to resume study in the evenings at the Stevens Institute of Technology, and in 1883 he obtained the degree of Mechanical Engineer (ME). He also found time to take part in amateur sport and in 1881 he won the tennis doubles championship of the United States.It was while with the Midvale Steel Company that Taylor began the systematic study of workshop management, and the application of his techniques produced significant increases in the company's output and productivity. In 1890 he became Manager of a company operating large paper mills in Maine and Wisconsin, until 1893 when he set up on his own account as a consulting engineer specializing in management organization. In 1898 he was retained exclusively by the Bethlehem Steel Company, and there continued his work on the metal-cutting process that he had started at Midvale. In collaboration with J.Maunsel White (1856–1912) he developed high-speed tool steels and their heat treatment which increased cutting capacity by up to 300 per cent. He resigned from the Bethlehem Steel Company in 1901 and devoted the remainder of his life to expounding the principles of scientific management which became known as "Taylorism". The Society to Promote the Science of Management was established in 1911, renamed the Taylor Society after his death. He was an active member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and was its President in 1906; his presidential address "On the Art of Cutting Metals" was reprinted in book form.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsParis Exposition Gold Medal 1900. Franklin Institute Elliott Cresson Gold Medal 1900. President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1906. Hon. ScD, University of Pennsylvania 1906. Hon. LLD, Hobart College 1912.BibliographyF.W.Taylor was the author of about 100 patents, several papers to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, On the Art of Cutting Metals (1907, New York) and The Principles of Scientific Management (1911, New York) and, with S.E.Thompson, 1905 A Treatise on Concrete, New York, and Concrete Costs, 1912, New York.Further ReadingThe standard biography is Frank B.Copley, 1923, Frederick W.Taylor, Father of Scientific Management, New York (reprinted 1969, New York) and there have been numerous commentaries on his work: see, for example, Daniel Nelson, 1980, Frederick W.Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management, Madison, Wis.RTSBiographical history of technology > Taylor, Frederick Winslow
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6 Drinker, Cecil Kent
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 17 March 1887 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USAd. 14 April 1956 Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA[br]American physiologist, co-inventor of the Drinker respirator (iron lung).[br]Drinker attended the University of Pennsylvania and graduated MD in 1913. After clinical experience in Boston and, in 1915–16, at Johns Hopkins, he joined the Department of Physiology at Harvard and was appointed Professor in 1924. Apart from continuing his activities in applied physiology, he was also head of the Department of Public Health. As well as investigating poisoning from radium, manganese and carbon monoxide, he was also engaged in a study of the lymphatics and respiration. During the Second World War his earlier work on the iron lung, which he had developed in 1927 with his brother Philip (1894–1972), was deployed in the study and improvement of high-altitude oxygen masks and decompression equipment for service use. He continued an association with the Naval Medical College until 1954, but retired from Harvard in 1948.[br]Bibliography1929, "The use of a new apparatus for the prolonged administration of artificial respiration", American Medical Association (with P. McKhann).1954, The Clinical Physiology of the Lungs.1945, Pulmonary Edema and Inflammation.Further ReadingC.Drinker Bowen, 1970, Family Portrait.MG -
7 Stibitz, George R.
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 20 April 1904 York, Pennsylvania, USA[br]American mathematician responsible for the conception of the Bell Laboratories "Complex " computer.[br]Stibitz spent his early years in Dayton, Ohio, and obtained his first degree at Denison University, Granville, Ohio, his MS from Union College, Schenectady, New York, in 1927 and his PhD in mathematical physics from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, in 1930. After working for a time for General Electric, he joined Bell Laboratories to work on various communications problems. In 1937 he started to experiment at home with telephone relays as the basis of a calculator for addition, multiplication and division. Initially this was based on binary arithmetic, but later he used binary-coded decimal (BCD) and was able to cope with complex numbers. In November 1938 the ideas were officially taken up by Bell Laboratories and, with S.B.Williams as Project Manager, Stibitz built a complex-number computer known as "Complex", or Relay I, which became operational on 8 January 1940.With the outbreak of the Second World War, he was co-opted to the National Defence Research Council to work on anti-aircraft (AA) gun control, and this led to Bell Laboratories Relay II computer, which was completed in 1943 and which had 500 relays, bi-quinary code and selfchecking of errors. A further computer, Relay III, was used for ballistic simulation of actual AA shell explosions and was followed by more machines before and after Stibitz left Bell after the end of the war. Stibitz then became a computer consultant, involved in particular with the development of the UNIVAC computer by John Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Emanuel R.Priore Award 1977.Bibliography1957, with J.A.Larrivee, Mathematics and Computers, New York: McGraw-Hill. 1967, "The Relay computer at the Bell Laboratories", Datamation 35.Further ReadingE.Loveday, 1977, "George Stibitz and the Bell Labs Relay computer", Datamation 80. M.R.Williams, 1985, A History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.KF -
8 Randall, Sir John Turton
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 23 March 1905 Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, Englandd. 16 June 1984 Edinburgh, Scotland[br]English physicist and biophysicist, primarily known for the development, with Boot of the cavity magnetron.[br]Following secondary education at Ashton-inMakerfield Grammar School, Randall entered Manchester University to read physics, gaining a first class BSc in 1925 and his MSc in 1926. From 1926 to 1937 he was a research physicist at the General Electric Company (GEC) laboratories, where he worked on luminescent powders, following which he became Warren Research Fellow of the Royal Society at Birmingham University, studying electronic processes in luminescent solids. With the outbreak of the Second World War he became an honorary member of the university staff and transferred to a group working on the development of centrimetric radar. With Boot he was responsible for the development of the cavity magnetron, which had a major impact on the development of radar.When Birmingham resumed its atomic research programme in 1943, Randall became a temporary lecturer at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. The following year he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of St Andrews, but in 1946 he moved again to the Wheatstone Chair of Physics at King's College, London. There his developing interest in biophysical research led to the setting up of a multi-disciplinary group in 1951 to study connective tissues and other biological components, and in 1950– 5 he was joint Editor of Progress in Biophysics. From 1961 until his retirement in 1970 he was Professor of Biophysics at King's College and for most of that time he was also Chairman of the School of Biological Sciences. In addition, for many years he was honorary Director of the Medical Research Council Biophysics Research Unit.After he retired he returned to Edinburgh and continued to study biological problems in the university zoology laboratory.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1962. FRS 1946. FRS Edinburgh 1972. DSc Manchester 1938. Royal Society of Arts Thomas Gray Memorial Prize 1943. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1946. Franklin Institute John Price Wetherill Medal 1958. City of Pennsylvania John Scott Award 1959. (All jointly with Boot for the cavity magnetron.)Bibliography1934, Diffraction of X-Rays by Amorphous Solids, Liquids \& Gases (describes his early work).1953, editor, Nature \& Structure of Collagen.1976, with H.Boot, "Historical notes on the cavity magnetron", Transactions of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ED-23: 724 (gives an account of the cavity-magnetron development at Birmingham).Further ReadingM.H.F.Wilkins, "John Turton Randall"—Bio-graphical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, London: Royal Society.KFBiographical history of technology > Randall, Sir John Turton
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9 Fessenden, Reginald Aubrey
[br]b. 6 October 1866 East Bolton, Quebec, Canadad. 22 July 1932 Bermuda[br]Canadian radio pioneer who made the first known broadcast of speech and music.[br]After initial education at Trinity College School, Port Hope, Ontario, Fessenden studied at Bishops University, Lennoxville, Quebec. When he graduated in 1885, he became Principal of the Whitney Institute in Bermuda, but he left the following year to go to New York in pursuit of his scientific interests. There he met Edison and eventually became Chief Chemist at the latter's Laboratory in Orange, New Jersey. In 1890 he moved to the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, and two years later he returned to an academic career as Professor of Electrical Engineering, initially at Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, and then at the Western University of Pennsylvania, where he worked on wireless communication. From 1900 to 1902 he carried out experiments in wireless telegraphy at the US Weather Bureau, filing several patents relating to wire and liquid thermal detectors, or barretters. Following this he set up the National Electric Signalling Company; under his direction, Alexanderson and other engineers at the General Electric Company developed a high-frequency alternator that enabled him to build the first radiotelephony transmitter at Brant Rock, Massachusetts. This made its initial broadcast of speech and music on 24 December 1906, received by ship's wireless operators several hundred miles away. Soon after this the transmitter was successfully used for two-way wireless telegraphy communication with Scotland. Following this landmark event, Fessenden produced numerous inventions, including a radio compass, an acoustic depth-finder and several submarine signalling devices, a turboelectric drive for battleships and, notably, in 1912 the heterodyne principle used in radio receivers to convert signals to a lower (intermediate) frequency.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1921.BibliographyUS patents relating to barretters include nos. 706,740, 706,742 and 706,744 (wire, 1902) and 731,029 (liquid, 1903). His invention of the heterodyne was filed as US patent no. 1,050,441 (1913).Further ReadingHelen M.Fessenden, 1940, Fessenden. Builder of Tomorrow. E.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen. O.E.Dunlop, 1944, Radio's 100 Men of Science.KFBiographical history of technology > Fessenden, Reginald Aubrey
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10 Goldberger, Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 16 July 1874 Giralt, Hungaryd. 17 January 1929 Washington, DC, USA[br]American physician, virologist and epidemiologist, pioneer of egg viral culture and of the social approach to the aetiology of disease.[br]Of immigrant stock, Goldberger entered the College of New York in 1890 as an engineering student. In 1892 he transferred to medicine, and in 1895 he qualified at Bellevue Hospital. Following an internship and unhappy experience of private medical practice in Pennsylvania, he qualified for the US Public Health Service in 1899, remaining there until his death.By 1910 he had been involved in field investigations of yellow fever, dengue and typhus. It was during this time that, with J.F.Anderson, he developed the egg culture techniques which enabled the demonstration of the filter-passing measles virus. The work with which he was most identified, however, was in connection with pellagra, at that time thought to be of microbial or protozoal origin. Using epidemiological techniques, he was able to demonstrate that it was in fact a nutritional deficiency disease, inducing the disease in prison volunteers on an abundant but protein-deficient diet.[br]Bibliography1910, with J.Anderson, Experimental Measles in the Monkey, Public Health Report RG90, US Public Health Service, National Archives.Further ReadingR.P.Parsons, 1943, Trail to Light. A Biography of Joseph Goldberger, New York.MG
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